The eighth edition of Arthur Goldschmidt’s widely acclaimed text has been extensively revised to reflect the latest scholarship and the most recent events in the Middle East. As an introduction to the history of this turbulent region from the beginnings of Islam to the present day, the book is distinguished by its clear style, broad scope, and balanced treatment. Written for undergraduate college students, the text assumes no prior knowledge of Middle Eastern history. It focuses on the evolution of Islamic institutions and culture, the influence of the West, the modernization efforts of Middle Eastern governments, the struggle of various peoples for political independence, the course of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the reassertion of Islamic values and power, the aftermath of the Gulf War, and issues surrounding the Palestinian Question. The eighth edition brings new discussion to the post-9/11 political developments and surveys terrorism in the Middle East, the Iraq War, and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

Contents

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List of Illustrations  Maps  Figures  Tables Preface to the Eighth Edition 1 Introduction  What Is History?  Then and Now, There and Here  The Physical Setting  Some Descriptive Geography   Climate   Location   Natural Resources   Human Diversity  Conclusion 2 The Middle East Before Muhammad  A Minimum of Antiquity  Persia and Rome   Dissident Christian Sects   Rome's Persian Rival  The Arabs   Conditions in Arabia   Arabian Culture   Southern Arabia   Sixth-Century Conditions   Mecca  Conclusion 3 The Prophet of Mecca  Muhammad's Early Life   Confrontation with Pagan Arab Values   First Revelation   The Early Muslims   Meccan Opposition  The Emigration (Hijra)   The Struggle for Survival   Muslim Life in Medina   Muhammad's Marriages   Muhammad and the Jews   Aisha bint Abi-Bakr   The Winning of Mecca   Muhammad's Death  Assessment 4 What Is Islam?  Basic Beliefs   God   Angels   Books   Messengers   Judgment Day  The Five Pillars of Islam   Witness (Shahadah)   Worship (Salat)   Fasting (Sawm)   Tithing (Zakat)   Pilgrimage (Hajj)  Other Duties and Prohibitions  Conclusion 5 The Early Arab Conquests  The Succession Issue  The Initial Conquests  The Beginnings of Islamic Government   Military Discipline   Civil Government  Dissension in the Umma   Uthman's Troubled Caliphate   Ali's Caliphate   Challenges to Ali  Changes in the Government of Islam   Mu'awiya   Mu'awiya ibn-abi-Sufyan   Administrative Changes   Mu'awiya's Successors   Husayn's Rebellion: The Beginning of Shi'ism   Other Challengers  Conclusion 6 The High Caliphate  Restoration of the Umayyad Order   Abd al-Malik's Triumph   Resumption of the Conquests   Fiscal Reforms  The Downfall of the Umayyads  The Abbasid Caliphate   The Building of Baghdad   Public Piety   Anti-Abbasid Revolts   Persians in Power   Mamun's Caliphate   Al-Mamun  The Decline of the Abbasids  Conclusion 7 Shi'is and Turks, Crusaders and Mongols  Shi'i Islam in Power   The Major Sects of Islam   The Fatimid Caliphate   The Buyid Dynasty  The Turks   Early Turkic Civilization   The Islamization of the Turks   The Ghaznavids   The Seljuk Empire  The Crusades   Their Beginning   Muslim Reactions   The Rise of Salah al-Din  The Mongol Invasion   Destruction of the Caliphate   Hulegu Khan   Mamluk Resistance  Conclusion 8 Islamic Civilization  The Rules and Laws of Islam  Development of Jurisprudence   Sources of the Law   Sunni Legal Systems   Shi'i Legal Systems   Administration of the Law   Applicability of the Law  Islamic Society   Social Groupings  Importance of Family Life   Personal Relationships   Food, Clothing, and Shelter  Intellectual Life   Mathematics and Science   Literature   Art  Theology   Mysticism   Ahmad ibn Hanbal   Review of Muslim Divisions  Conclusion 9 Firearms, Slaves, and Empires  The Mamluks   The Mamluk Ruling System   The Decline of the Mamluks  The Mongol Il-Khanids   The Religious Issue   Effects of Il-Khanid Rule on Persia   Tamerlane and the Timurids  Gunpowder Technology  The Ottoman Empire   Beginnings   Expansion   Orhan   The Ottoman Zenith   Causes of Ottoman Success   Political Institutions   Ottoman Decline: Signs and Causes  Persia Under the Safavids   Rise of Safavid Power   The Safavid Zenith   The Aftermath of the Safavids  Conclusion 10 European Interests and Imperialism  Ottoman Weakness   Some Symptoms and Causes   The Reforming Sultans and Viziers  The European Powers and the Eastern Question   The Koprulu Family of Viziers   Czarist Russia   Habsburg Austria   Britain and the Middle East   France: Protector and Civilizer  Conclusion 11 Westernizing Reform in the Nineteenth Century  Egypt   Napoleon's Occupation   Mehmet Ali and His Reforms   Mehmet Ali's Military Empire  Westernization of the Ottoman Empire   The Nizam-i-Jedid   Mahmud II   Military Defeat and European Protection   The Tanzimat Era   Mustafa Reshid Pasha  Persia Under the Qajars  Some Afterthoughts 12 The Rise of Nationalism  Egyptian Nationalism   Khedive Isma'il   Financial Problems   The Beginnings of Nationalism   Ahmad Urabi   Ahmad Urabi   Lord Cromer and the British Occupation   The Revival of Egyptian Nationalism  Ottomanism, Pan-Islam, and Turkism   Early Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire   The Young Turks in Power   Turkish Nationalism  Nationalism in Persia   Early Resistance to Foreign Power   The Constitutionalist Movement   Oil Discoveries  Conclusion 13 The Roots of Arab Bitterness  Arab Nationalism   Historical Background   The Arabs Under Ottoman Rule   Christian Arab Nationalists   Muslim Arab Nationalists   The Arabs and the Young Turks  World War I   Britain and the Arabs   The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence   The Arab Revolt   The Sykes-Picot Agreement   Faysal ibn al Husayn   The Balfour Declaration  The Postwar Peace Settlement   The King-Crane Commission   Allied Arrangements: San Remo and Sèvres   The Result: Four Mandates and an Emirate  Conclusion and Summary 14 Modernizing Rulers in the Independent States  Turkey: Phoenix from the Ashes   Challenges to the Nationalists   Mustafa Kemal Ataturk   Kemal's Domestic Reforms   Mustafa Kemal Ataturk   The Legacy of Kemalism  From Persia to Iran   Historical Recapitulation   The Apogee of British Power   The Rise of Reza Shah   Reza's Reforms   Reza's Downfall   Epilogue  The Rise of Saudi Arabia   Historical Background   The Emergence of the Saudi Kingdom   Oil Discoveries and Their Effects on the Saudi Kingdom   Ibn Sa'ud's Successors  Conclusion 15 Egypt's Struggle for Independence  Britain's Role in Egypt   Anglo-Egyptian Relations: An Overview   World War I   The 1919 Revolution   British Efforts at a Solution   Egypt's Democratic Experiment   The Short Reign of the Wafd   The Power Triangle   The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty   Disillusionment   King Faruq   World War II  The Egyptian Revolution   Frustration and Failure   The Fall of the Old Regime   The 1952 Military Coup   Settlement of the Suez Canal Issue  A Strange Ending 16 The Contest for Palestine  Origins  Prefatory Remarks   Jewish Nationalism   The Jews in Dispersion  The Beginnings of Political Zionism   Early Jewish Settlers   Theodor Herzl   The Second Aliya  Britain and the Palestine Problem   The Balfour Declaration   The British Occupation   The Palestine Mandate   Beginnings of the Anglo-Zionist Rift   The Jewish Governor and the Nationalist Mufti   Amin al-Husayni   A New Arab-Jewish Clash   Jewish Immigration and Arab Resistance   The Peel Commission and the White Paper   The Growing US Role   Civil War in Palestine   The United Nations Partition Plan   The Creation of Israel  Conclusion 17 Israel's Rebirth and the Rise of Arab Nationalism  Israel's War for Independence   The Contending Forces   The Outside Powers   UN Mediation Attempts  The War's Aftermath   Arab Divisions   The Palestinian Arabs  The Arab Countries   Jordan   Syria and Lebanon   Iraq   Egypt's Nasir and His Policies  Israel's Early Years   Problems of the Jewish State   Politics in Israel   David Ben-Gurion   Israel's Foreign Relations  Middle Eastern Oil  The Great Powers and the Arab World   The Suez Affair   The Eisenhower Doctrine   The Contest for Control of Syria   The United Arab Republic   Lebanon's First Civil War and US Intervention   The Ideas of Nasirism   The Ebb of the Pan-Arab Tide   Arab Socialism and Nasir's Comeback   The Jordan Waters Dispute   The Palestine Liberation Organization   Background to War  Conclusion 18 War and the Quest for Peace  The June 1967 War   Reasons for the Outcome   The War's Aftermath   UN Peace Efforts  The Palestinians as a Political Force  Abortive Peace Efforts   The War of Attrition  Political Changes: 1967–1970   The Two Yemens   Iraq   Libya   Israel   The Rogers Peace Plan   Clashes in Lebanon and Jordan   Egypt After Nasir   The End of the Rogers Peace Plan  Danger Signs in the Middle East   Prelude to War   US Concerns   Arab Frustrations   War Preparations  The October (Yom Kippur) War   Israel's Unpreparedness   The Course of the Fighting   Arms Supplies and the Oil Embargo   The Superpowers and the Cease-fire  The War's Aftermath   Shuttle Diplomacy   Israel's Domestic Crisis   Effects of the Oil Embargo   PLO Power at Its Zenith   Return to Shuttle Diplomacy  Lebanon: The Arena for a New Arab Struggle   The Religious Angle   The Nationalist Angle   Anwar al-Sadat   The Economic Angle   The Ideological Angle   An Attempted Synthesis   Syria's Role  The Road to Camp David   Carter's Plans   Policy Problems   Sadat Leads the Quest for Peace   The Egyptian-Israeli Treaty  Conclusion 19 The Reassertion of Islamic Power  Prefatory Remarks on Islam and Politics  The Iranian Revolution   The Monarchy   The Fall of the Monarchy   Sayyid Ruhollah Musaui Khomeini   The Establishment of the Republic   The Hostage Crisis  The Struggle for Persian Gulf Supremacy  The Retreat from Camp David   The Assassination of Sadat   Israel's Rising Militancy   Israel's Invasion of Lebanon   The Terrorist Triumph  Western Policy Formation and Islamic Polity 20 The Gulf War and the Peace Process  The Gulf Crisis   Iraq's Complaints and Claims   Iraq's Annexation of Kuwait   The Crisis of Arab Legitimacy  Operation Desert Storm  Palestinians and the Peace Process   The First Intifada   The End of Lebanon's Civil War   The Peace Process in Arab-Israeli Relations   The Oslo I Accord   Gains and Losses in the Peace Process   Yasir Arafat   The Second Intifada  Whither Islam? 21 The War on Terrorism  The Present in Historical Perspective  Survey of Terrorism   Turkey   Iran   Arab States of the Fertile Crescent   Saudi Arabia and the Other Gulf States   Egypt   Summation on Terrorism   Osama bin Laden  The Iraq War   Bush and the Neoconservatives   The Invasion of Iraq  The Contest for Palestine (Redux)   Breakdown of the "Peace Process"   Intensification of the Conflict   Outsiders' Involvement  A Parting Message Chronology Glossary Bibliographic Essay Appendix  Table A.1 Basic Statistics for Middle Eastern Countries  Table A.2 How Many Palestinians? Index

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Tags: WorldPolitics, MiddleEast

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